WHO MERS Updates - Saudi Arabia & UAE

Credit WHO

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Normally when we get MERS updates from the WHO involving multiple cases it is a mixed bag; primary cases with no known exposure, primary cases with camel contact, and household or nosocomial infections from exposure to previously identified cases. 

Today, we've reports on 6 cases from two countries (4 from KSA & 2 from UAE), and five are listed as no known exposure other than having frequent contact with camels, and four of those are consumers of camel's milk.   

The 6th case is a contact of one of the five camel contacts.  Not included in today's report are 4 recent MERS cases reported in connection with a camel market in Jeddah.


The good news is we've not seen any reports of secondary nosocomial transmission from any of these cases.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – United Arab Emirates

Disease outbreak news
26 January 2016

Between 11 and 14 January 2016, the National IHR Focal Point of the United Arab Emirates notified WHO of 2 additional cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, including 1 death.

Details of the cases

• A 73-year-old male from Abu Dhabi developed symptoms on 27 December and visited a health care clinic in Abu Dhabi. He was treated symptomatically and sent home on the same day. On 31 December, the patient travelled to Oman with family members and returned back to Abu Dhabi on 1 January. On the same day, he developed symptoms and was admitted to hospital. The patient, who had no comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 10 January. He passed away on 25 January. The patient had a history of frequent contact with camels. He consumed raw camel milk once in the 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. He had no history of exposure to other risk factors in Abu Dhabi and in Oman in the 14 days prior to onset of symptoms.
• An 85-year-old female from Abu Dhabi was detected through the tracing of contacts. The patient is a contact of a laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV case (see above). She has no history of exposure to other risk factors in the 14 days prior to detection. The patient, who has comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 13 January. Currently, she is asymptomatic admitted to a negative pressure isolation room on a ward. 

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia

Disease outbreak news
26 January 2016

Between 27 December 2015 and 13 January 2016, the National IHR Focal Point for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia notified WHO of 4 additional cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection.

Details of the cases

• A 50-year-old male from Madinah city developed symptoms on 3 January and, on 10 January, was admitted to hospital in Madinah. The patient, who has comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 12 January. Currently, he is in critical condition in ICU. The patient has a history of frequent contact with camels and consumption of their raw milk. He has no history of exposure to other known risk factors in the 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms.
• An 85-year-old male from Bisha city developed symptoms on 3 January. On the same day, the patient visited a hospital where he was treated symptomatically and sent home. On 9 January, the patient travelled by airplane to Riyadh to seek medical care. Once in Riyadh, he was admitted to hospital. The patient, who has comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 11 January. Currently, he is in stable condition in a negative pressure isolation room on a ward. The patient has a history of frequent contact with camels and consumption of their raw milk. He has no history of exposure to other known risk factors in the 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms.
• A 59-year-old male from Onizah city developed symptoms on 18 December and, on 27 December, was admitted to hospital. The patient, who is a heavy smoker and has comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 28 December. Currently, he is in critical condition in ICU. The patient has a history of frequent contact with camels and consumption of their raw milk. He has no history of exposure to other known risk factors in the 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms.
• A 54-year-old male from Jeddah city developed symptoms on 14 December and, on 24 December, was admitted to hospital. The patient, who has comorbidities, tested positive for MERS-CoV on 26 December. Currently, he is in stable condition in a negative pressure isolation room on a ward. The patient has a history of frequent contact with camels.

Globally, since September 2012, WHO has been notified of 1,630 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including at least 586 related deaths.

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#CascadiaEQ Tweetchat Today - Earthquake Preparedness

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The graphic above says it all.  Today at 10am (PST)  1pm EST there will be a tweetchat on the Cascadia Earthquake threat, and how to prepare.  Use hashtag #CascadiaEQ to follow along and participate.

Today is the 316th Anniversary of the Magnitude 9 mega thrust quake that struck the Pacific Northwest in 1700.   A quake that was only the latest in a long line of seismic events that tend to occur in that region every few hundred years. 

 

I've written a number of Cascadia quake related blogs over the years which you may wish to revisit.

OSU: Pragmatic Action - Not Fatalism - In Order To Survive The `Big One’

Tsunami Preparedness Week: Because It Has Happened Here

Just A Matter Of Time

 

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MMWR: Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection

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As the Zika virus continues to spread across the Americas it is inevitable that U.S. doctors will be called upon to evaluate and test pregnant women and infants for (congenital) Zika virus infection. 

While a conclusive link between maternal Zika virus infections and microcephaly has yet to be established, the CDC views the risks as too great to ignore and has already produced a good deal of guidance. 

Ten days ago the CDC released a HAN advisory for clinicians on Recognizing, Managing & Reporting ZIka Virus Infections In Travelers, while last week the CDC's MMWR published Interim Guidelines For Pregnant Women During A Zika Outbreak, along with reports on Zika's Spread & Its Possible Association With Microcephaly.

The word `interim' features prominently in nearly all of these documents as the threa from Zika infection is still poorly understood, and our understanding of how to best handle its challenges may change over time.

Today, another major MMWR Early Release that provides interim guidance to clinicians on evaluating and dealing with possible maternal Zika virus infection. First the description from the CDC of this release, followed by a link to the report (which is too large to excerpt properly).

Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection

The CDC has developed, in consultation with the American Academy of Pediatrics, interim guidance for the evaluation, testing, and management of infants born to mothers who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission during pregnancy.

The document provides guidance to healthcare providers caring for 1) infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications detected prenatally or at birth or 2) infants without these findings whose risk is based on maternal exposure and testing for Zika virus infection.

Briefly, pediatric healthcare providers should ask mothers of newborns with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications about their residence and travel while pregnant as well as symptoms of illness compatible with Zika virus disease (acute onset of fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis). In addition, results of any Zika virus testing performed prior to delivery should be obtained.  Interim guidance includes consideration of clinical issues that might be encountered in caring for infants who might have been infected with Zika virus infection. Certain actions (e.g., cranial ultrasound and ophthalmologic examination) are recommended for all infants being tested for Zika virus infection, and other actions (e.g., repeat hearing screening, developmental monitoring) are recommended for all infants with Zika virus infection, regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms.

Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016
 
JANUARY 26, 2016
 
CDC has developed interim guidelines for health care providers in the United States who are caring for infants born to mothers who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission during pregnancy.

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WHO: Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface - January 2016

 A(H5N1) cases in humans by week of onset, 2004-2016

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Reports to the World Health Organization from China and Egypt on human avian flu cases are dramatically lower this winter over last, although it is not yet certain whether that has more to do with delays in reporting than with the actual level of activity.

Despite almost daily headlines in Arabic papers announcing H5N1 cases (confirmed or suspected), Egypt's MOH continues to deny finding any H5N1 infections (see Egyptian MOH Statement: No Bird Flu Cases Since Last Summer).

Similarly, China has substantially reduced (or delayed) their reporting on H7N9 cases since February of last year, preferring to release information in batches, often weeks after the fact.


Today's update from the WHO does provide us with information on several human infections (H5N6 & H9N2) we had not seen previously announced.

Influenza at the human-animal interface

Summary and assessment as of 20 January 2016

Human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses

Since the last WHO Influenza update on 14 December 2015, two new laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection were reported to WHO.

A 60-year-old male from Mymensing District in Bangladesh was hospitalized on 12 October 2015 with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected upon hospital admission as part of SARI surveillance, and tested positive for A(H5N1) virus. The patient fully recovered. Prior to illness onset, the patient was exposed to live backyard poultry. The second case was in a 42-year-old male from Sichuan Province in China who had an onset of illness on 27 December 2015. He was hospitalized on 31 December 2015 and remains in a critical condition. This case had history of exposure to poultry.

From 2003 through 20 January 2016, 846 laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection have been officially reported to WHO from 16 countries (Figure 1). Of these cases, 449 have died.

In this reporting period, five laboratory-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection were reported to WHO from China (Table 1). All were sporadic cases and with no further transmission among contacts.
 

Cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) reported in 14 December 2015 till 20 January 2016

Since 2013 through to 20 January 2016, ten cases of avian influenza A(H5N6) have been detected of which nine were notified to WHO and one was reported in the scientific literature.1 All nine cases notified to WHO had clinically severe disease. The case reported in the literature, a five-year-old female, was a mild case detected through routine surveillance activities.

Various influenza A(H5) subtypes, such as influenza A(H5N1), A(H5N2), A(H5N3), A(H5N6), A(H5N8) and A(H5N9), continue to be detected in birds in West Africa, Europe and Asia, according to recent reports received by OIE. Since last month’s report on detections of avian influenza A(H5) viruses in birds in France, no human infections have been identified. Although the influenza A(H5) viruses might have the potential to cause disease in humans, so far no human cases of infection have been reported, with exception of the human infections with influenza A(H5N1) and A(H5N6) viruses in China.

Overall public health risk assessment for avian influenza A(H5) viruses: Overall, the public health risk assessment for avian influenza A(H5) viruses remains unchanged since the assessment of 17 July 2015.
 
http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/


(Continue . . . . .)

This report also adds ten human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection were reported to WHO from Guangdong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces of China, last December's novel H3N2v infection in New Jersey (see my report here), and a single H9N2 infection in a poultry worker in a market in Dhaka City, Bangladesh last October.


While it is entirely possible that the actual number of human infections this winter is lower than last year, the lack openess on the part of the Chinese and Egyptian Ministries of Health over the past year make it difficult to place a lot of confidence in the numbers we're seeing.

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WHO EMRO: Recent High Level Mission To Saudi Arabia On MERS-CoV

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As the epicenter of MERS infections in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia arguably has the most to lose from a larger outbreak, and has repeatedly pledged to take the lead in investigating the disease. 

Progress has been slower than hoped (see WHO EMRO: Scientific Meeting Reviews MERS Progress & Knowledge Gaps), and KSA hasn't always been quick to share what it knows with the rest of the world. 

Six months ago we saw the WHO Statement On The 10th Meeting Of the IHR Emergency Committee On MERS criticize the Saudi Response to MERS in unusually blunt terms, particularly over their handling of asymptomatic or mild cases (see WHO Guidance On The Management Of Asymptomatic MERS Cases).



Earlier this month WHO conducted a high level mission to Saudi Arabia to review their progress and agree on a joint operational plan for combating the virus. Their report acknowledges improvements made by the Saudis in recent months, cites areas that still need work, and makes recommendations for moving forward.


Excerpts from a much longer report follow, so click the link to read it in its entirety.

WHO’s high-level mission to Saudi Arabia on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 11–14 January 2016

Executive summary

Background

Since its emergence in 2012, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) continue to occur in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region signifying that the global threat of MERS has not yet subsided. Last year, the outbreak in South Korea was a strong reminder that MERS-CoV remained an international health threat and could cause severe disruption to health, economic and social services if health systems remain unprepared. It also became evident last year that hospital outbreaks of MERS in Saudi Arabia could escalate both nationally and internationally into a perpetual global health threat. In view of this, it was necessary to assess and understand what progress has been made in Saudi Arabia, where over 80% of laboratory-conformed cases of MERS have occurred, in controlling the virus, including preventing its international spread. 

(SNIP)

The objectives of the current mission, which was conducted in Saudi Arabia from 11 to 14 January 2016, were to:

• review the ongoing MERS situation;
• assess progress in implementing previous mission recommendations;
• identify main areas of public health research to better address remaining knowledge gaps; and 
• agree on a joint operational plan for WHO and the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia for collaborative work and research to prevent and control MERS-CoV.

(SNIP)

Summary of findings and observations

The mission noted the substantial progress made in the control of MERS-CoV in last 12 months, including in:

• accumulating knowledge and learning lessons to control hospital outbreaks and  and applying evidence-informed hospital infection control measures to prevent hospital outbreaks of MERS;
• establishing a mechanism to monitor compliance by hospitals in implementing appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures;
• improving collaboration between the human and animal health sectors;
• establishing an electronic surveillance system for MERS and real-time mechanism to track and respond to cases or outbreaks;
• conducting research to evaluate information gaps identified during previous WHO missions, and 
• establishing a mechanism to support and fund priority health research on MERS to address key knowledge gaps. 

Surveillance for human infections from MERS

The mission acknowledged that the surveillance system for detecting and monitoring both suspected and laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS has improved through the establishment of the Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN). All suspected and laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS are now entered into this web-based surveillance system, which is accessible to most health care facilities and facilitates for the Ministry a real-time alert, investigation and response. However, the surveillance systems remain “responsive” in detecting suspected cases early. It is important to establish a sentinel-based surveillance system for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the countrywhich would facilitate identification and systematically testing for in order to identify and test systematically for MERS-CoV any cases that present to health facilities with pneumonia or pneumonia-like syndromes and to monitor testing rates in order to reduce the risk of missed cases. Other challenges  include a shortage of human resources, especially a trained public health workforce for joint animal/human investigation and contact tracing.    

(SNIP)

Conclusion and recommendations 

The mission acknowledged that the first phase of the MERS response was designed to respond to acute events, such as the repeated nosocomial outbreaks. The country is now ready to move to the next phase, which is to focus on preparedness to respond to and prevent primary infections in the community and future outbreaks in hospitals. 

Therefore, the mission recommended to scale up the following strategic actions in leadership, coordination and operational areas.

1. Expand the national strategic plan for control of MERS with a strong focus on preventing primary cases in the community, as well as stopping rapidly the nosocomial transmission in hospitals through involving all concerned ministries in the country. The plan will require identification of a leader with necessary authority, responsibility and accountability and allocation of appropriate human and financial resources for the plan's effective implementation.  

2. Scale up engagement with other sectors, such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Municipalities, etc. in preventing community-acquired infections. Of particular importance would be to reinforce and systematize joint investigation by both the animal and human health sectors of each reported case of community-acquired infection. Such joint and collaborative investigation and control efforts under the “one health” approach could effectively contribute to preventing human infections acquired in the community.

3. Identify and implement research to address the key public health questions on MERS that remain unanswered to date. Based on the list of research questions recommended in the last international scientific meeting organized by WHO in Cairo on 5–6 May 201 , the mission recommended that, in consultation with WHO, the new research body King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology prioritizes research areas to be funded and calls for researchers across the world to submit their research proposals based on this prioritized list. 

4. Document and share widely, both nationally and internationally, institutional lessons learnt in the Kingdom in the areas of IPC measures to prevent nosocomial outbreaks of MERS. Such lessons should capture the risk factors for hospital outbreaks and the institutional lessons learnt on best ICP practices for controlling outbreaks of MERS.

5. Elevate the CCC into a multisectoral body, able to effectively coordinate and collaborate with other ministries and sectors involved with any important aspect of MERS-CoV, especially the Ministry of Agriculture, veterinary services, and wildlife sector. Such a multisectoral body could ensure a consistent government policy and communications on all cross-sectional issues related to MERS-CoV and should direct and guide an effective and coordinated response to an outbreak through optimizing communications and collaboration with all government and nongovernmental sectors and agencies involved in a response operation. 

MERS remains a global health concern. The scaling up of preventive and control efforts of MERS in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the majority of global cases have so far occurred, would effectively contribute to enhanced global response to this health threat. It would be a collective responsibility to prevent escalation of any event related to MERS-CoV. In the next course of action, WHO would like to work collaboratively with the Ministry of Health to develop an action plan with time sensitive and achievable goals, in accordance with the agreement reached during the meeting of the mission members with His Excellency the Minister of Health to implement the mission’s recommendations.

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RESEP LUMPIA SEMARANG ISI REBUNG SAUS MANIS PEDAS

Resep Lumpia Semarang Isi Rebung Spesial - Lumpia goreng isi yang enak dan renyah ini sangat sedap disantap dengan variasi aneka isi di dalamnya yang gurih, serta paling enak disajikan bersama cocolan sausnya yang mantap. Terdapat beberapa variasi isi lumpia semarang asli, di antaranya adalah lumpia isi rebung, telur, ayam atau udang beserta spesial kombinasinya yang dapat kita olah menurut kreasi sendiri di rumah.

Cara membuat lumpia yang merupakan kuliner populer khas Semarang kali ini cukup praktis dengan pemakaian kulit lumpia siap pakai. Bahan isi lumpia semarang spesial yang terdiri dari perpaduan rebung, udang dan daging ayam bahkan ayam kampung akan sangat terasa gurih dan lezat. Di samping adonan isi, cocolan saus kentalnya juga sangat mempengaruhi keistimewaannya. Saus gula merah sederhana bercita rasa manis pedas sebagai pilihan selain saus tauco ini akan dapat menambah istimewa menu cemilan bersama keluarga.

Persiapan Bahan dan Bumbu Lumpia Semarang

• 400 gram rebung direbus lalu potong-potong kecil
• 150 gram udang giling
• 150 gram daging ayam giling
• 20 lembar kulit lumpia
• 5 siung bawang putih dicincang kasar
• 1 sdm ebi
• 2 batang daun bawang diiris kecil-kecil
• 1/2 sdt merica bubuk
• 1/2 sdt garam
• 3 sdm kecap manis
• 150 ml air
• 2 sdm tepung terigu dilarutkan sedikit air untuk perekat
• minyak secukupnya untuk menumis dan menggoreng

Bahan Saus Lumpia Semarang

• 50 gram gula merah
• 10 buah cabe rawit merah diiris kecil-kecil
• 1 siung bawang putih digeprek
• 1/2 sdt garam
• 300 ml air
• 1 sdm tepung maizena dilarutkan dengan sedikit air

Cara Membuat Lumpia Semarang Saus Manis Pedas

1. Panaskan sedikit minyak, tumis bawang putih dan ebi serta aduk-aduk hingga harum. Masukkan udang dan masak hingga berubah warna. Masukkan daging ayam, aduk rata serta masukkan irisan daun bawang, lalu masukkan air dan rebung, aduk rata. Tambahkan garam, merica dan kecap manis lalu aduk dan masak hingga kering serta bumbu menyerap, matikan api dan sisihkan.
2. Siapkan kulit lumpia, setiap lembarnya diberi isi tumisan rebung tadi. Lipat dan gulung dengan rapih, kemudian rekatkan dengan larutan terigu.
3. Panaskan minyak goreng, lalu goreng lumpia hingga kuning keemasan. Angkat dan tiriskan dari minyak, lalu siap untuk disajikan dengan saus manis pedas.
4. Cara membuat saus lumpia : Didihkan air, selanjutnya masukkan gula merah, irisan cabe rawit, bawang putih dan garam. Aduk dan masak hingga tercampur rata serta mendidih kembali, tuang larutan maizena lalu aduk hingga mengental, angkat dan saring.

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EID Journal: HPAI H5N8 Reintroduced Into South Korea By Migratory Waterfowl

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Given all that has happened with the evolution of new HPAI H5 viruses around the world, it is hard to believe we only just passed the 2 year anniversary of the emergence of HPAI H5N8 in South Korea last week (see Jan 17th, 2014 report Media Reporting Korean Poultry Outbreak Due To H5N8).

Up until that time, H5N8 was normally only seen in a low pathogenic form (although one HPAI H5N8 sample had been previously described in China).

Since then we've seen HPAI H5N8 turn up in China, Russia, Europe, Taiwan, and North America. It has spawned multiple high path reassortant viruses in Taiwan (H5N2, H5N3) and North America (H5N1, H5N2), as well as evolving into several genetically distinct clades.

Today the CDC's EID Journal carries a dispatch which finds the H5N8 viruses that returned via migratory birds for the winter of 2014-2015 were different from the ones that had continued to spread through Korean poultry during their absence. 

 
In addition to giving us new insight into the evolution of the H5N8 virus, and its ability to thrive and evolve in the wild aquatic bird population, this is a reminder that the HPAI viruses we know today have the potential to mutate and evolve in faraway nesting grounds and then return the following spring or fall changed in some way.

Change isn't always bad, of course.  Viruses can diminish their virulence over time or even fade away completely, crowded out by other - more fit - viruses. 

But unlike the ads for Las Vegas, what goes on in avian nesting grounds doesn't necessarily stay in avian nesting grounds. Hence the call for better global surveillance of wild and migratory birds, else we risk being blindsided (again) by a new and potentially virulent avian flu virus.


I've only posted some excerpt, follow the link to read the report in its entirety. 

Volume 22, Number 3—March 2016

Dispatch

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014–2015

Jung-Hoon Kwon¹, Dong-Hun Lee¹, David E. Swayne, Jin-Yong Noh, Seong-Su Yuk, Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir, Woo-Tack Hong, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Sol Jeong, Gyeong-Bin Gwon, and Chang-Seon Song 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses were isolated from migratory waterfowl in South Korea during fall 2014–winter 2015, a recurrence after initial introduction in winter 2014. These reappeared viruses were phylogenetically distinct from isolates circulating in poultry farms in South Korea.

Since the Asian-lineage subtype H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was first detected in China in 1996, outbreaks of infection caused by this virus in poultry have been continuous. The HPAI (H5) viruses have evolved and continue to evolve into many genetic lineages and multiple clades (1). In January 2014, novel reassortant HPAI viruses of subtype H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, were detected in poultry and wild bird carcasses in South Korea (2). Closely related viruses were also detected in Japan (3) and China (4). Genetic analysis showed that this virus was generated by reassortment of HPAI viruses of eastern China. 

Subsequently, HPAI (H5N8) viruses spread to Europe and North America and were then reintroduced into South Korea and Japan (5). The HPAI (H5N8) viruses identified in South Korea in early 2014 were divided into groups A (A/Baikal teal/Korea/Donglim3/2014 strain-like) and B (A/breeder duck/Korea/Gochang1/2014-like). Group A viruses further evolved into 3 distinct subgroups: icA1 (Europe/Japan), icA2 (North America/Japan), and icA3 (South Korea/Japan) (5). Wild birds were suspected of being a source of intercontinental transmission because the timing and direction of the outbreak coincided with the migratory route of wild birds (5,6). 

We sequenced and genetically analyzed the complete genomes of 11 HPAI (H5N8) viruses isolated from wild migratory waterfowl in South Korea during December 2014 and February 2015 and compared these isolates with other HPAI (H5N8) isolates, including isolates identified from South Korea poultry farms in late 2014.

(SNIP)

Conclusions

These results suggest that HPAI (H5N8) viruses circulated in wild bird populations and evolved into subgroups during the breeding season. Detection of subtype H5N8 viruses in healthy wild birds (12,13; this study) and subclinical infection with viral shedding among migratory waterfowl experimentally infected with HPAI (H5N8) viruses (11) support the theory of long-term circulation of HPAI (H5N8) viruses in wild bird population.

This study also found that subtype icA3 viruses, derived from HPAI (H5N8) viruses from South Korea and reintroduced by migratory waterfowl, were genetically distinct from the HPAI (H5N8) viruses that continued to circulate in poultry farms. In the previous 4 HPAI (H5N8) virus outbreaks in South Korea and Japan, migratory waterfowl were identified as the source of HPAI outbreaks (14,15); however, related HPAI viruses were not reintroduced into South Korea and Japan after the initial outbreak season. The phylogenetic analysis described here shows that HPAI (H5N8) viruses isolated from migratory wild birds in the winter of 2014–15 are phylogenetically distinct from isolates from South Korean poultry farms. HPAI (H5N8) viruses thus independently evolved in wild bird populations and poultry farms in South Korea until late 2014.

Our results indicate that HPAI (H5N8) viruses have been circulating in wild waterfowl population since early 2014. Enhanced global active surveillance is needed to monitor the spread of these viruses through wild birds. Such efforts could clarify the epidemiology of HPAI virus and facilitate early recognition of novel genotypes.

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